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There are two types of sign conventions. They are: Active Sign Convention Passive Sign Convention Active Sign Convention: This sign convention is to be followed for active elements. When positive current enters the element through negative terminal energy is dissipated by the element. It is an energy source. The sign convention is as follows: P=V(-I ) Passive Sign Convention: This sign convention is followed for passive elements. When positive current enters the element through positive terminal energy is absorbed by the element. It is a passive element like resistor, capacitor, inductor etc. The sign convention is as follows: P=V(I ) Reference: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (Fifth Edition) by Charles K Alexander and Matthews N O Sadiku

Classification of circuits based on order: First Order Circuit: Circuit having differential equation of order one is called first order circuit. Also circuit having single storage element is called first order circuit. Examples: RL, RC circuits. Second Order Circuit:  Circuit having differential equation of order two is called second order circuit. Also circuit having two storage elements is called second order circuit. Examples: RLC circuits. Classification of circuits based on linearity: Linear Circuit: Value of resistance, inductance and capacitance are constant.They do not vary with voltage or current. In other words, output is proportional to input. Example: RLC circuits. Non-linear Circuit:  Value of resistance, inductance and capacitance are not constant.They vary with voltage or current. In other words, output is not proportional to input. Examples: Diodes, Transistors. Reference: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (Fifth Edition) by Charles K Alexander and Matthews N O...

Branch (b) - Branch represents a single element. Node (n) - Node is the point of connection for two or more branches. Loop (l) - Any closed path in a circuit is called a loop or mesh. Fundamental theorem of network topology: In any circuit the following equation must hold true: b = n + l - 1 Reference: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (Fifth Edition) by Charles K Alexander and Matthews N O Sadiku